About the Philippines

Philippines overview

History & People

The Philippines is widely recognized as the third largest English-speaking country in the world, boasting a history that amalgamates Asian, European, and American influences. Before the arrival of the Spanish in 1521, the Filipinos possessed a diverse culture and engaged in trade with neighboring China and Japan. Scott’s book, “Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History” (1984), provides a comprehensive exploration of pre-colonial societies and trading networks in the Philippines.

Filipino culturalSpanish colonization began in 1521 and had a profound impact on the country. One significant result was the establishment of Intramuros in 1571, a fortified city characterized by European-style buildings and churches. To gain insights into Intramuros’ history and architecture, Arcilla’s publication, “Intramuros of Manila: Traces of Spain’s Empire in the East” (2019), offers a valuable resource.

During the 350 years of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, the Filipino people experienced various challenges, oppression, and a growing desire for independence. However, it was in the late 19th century that significant strides were made towards achieving freedom. Key figures emerged during this time, playing crucial roles in the Philippine independence movement, notably Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo.

Jose Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, advocated for reforms and social change through his writings and intellectual contributions. His novels, such as “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” exposed the injustices and abuses of Spanish colonial rule, sparking a sense of nationalism among Filipinos. Rizal’s ideas and sacrifices inspired many Filipinos to actively pursue independence from Spanish rule.

Emilio Aguinaldo, another prominent figure, emerged as a military leader and politician during the revolution against Spain. He played a significant role in organizing and leading armed uprisings against Spanish forces. Aguinaldo also declared the country’s independence on June 12, 1898, establishing the First Philippine Republic. His leadership and strategic efforts propelled the Philippine Revolution forward.

To gain a deeper understanding of this era and the struggle for independence, two notable sources can be referenced: Renato Constantino’s “The Philippines: A Past Revisited” (1975) and Teodoro A. Agoncillo’s “Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic” (1990).

Constantino’s work offers a comprehensive analysis of Philippine history, focusing on the socio-political aspects that shaped the country’s struggle for independence. It delves into the dynamics between the colonizers and the colonized, highlighting the factors that propelled the movement towards freedom.

Agoncillo’s book provides detailed accounts of the events surrounding the establishment of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos. It delves into the challenges faced by the fledgling republic and the complexities of transitioning from Spanish rule to an independent government. Agoncillo’s work sheds light on the political landscape of the time and the various struggles encountered during the initial stages of self-governance.

Both Constantino’s and Agoncillo’s works offer valuable insights into the historical context, key figures, and significant events that shaped the struggle for Philippine independence. These sources provide readers with a deeper appreciation of the challenges faced by the Filipino people and the contributions made by individuals like Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo in their quest for self-determination.

Post War and the United States

Following the Spanish-American War, the Philippines became the first and only colony of the United States. The period that followed witnessed the introduction of widespread education to the islands by the Americans. Filipinos also fought alongside Americans during World War II, notably at the battles of Bataan and Corregidor, where their resistance played a significant role in delaying Japanese advances. McCann’s publication, “The Philippines in World War II, 1941-1945: A Chronology and Select Annotated Bibliography” (1995), sheds light on the Philippine involvement in World War II.

After regaining independence in 1946, the Philippines emerged as a vibrant democracy, symbolizing the Filipino people’s unwavering commitment to freedom. This commitment has been demonstrated through two notable peaceful revolutions aimed at addressing perceived corruption within the government. These revolutions, namely the People Power Revolution in 1986 and the EDSA Dos in 2001, showcased the power of collective action and the desire for positive change.

A testament to the country’s democratic landscape is the presence of numerous national newspapers, television stations, cable TV channels, and radio stations. These diverse media outlets provide platforms for open discourse, the exchange of ideas, and the dissemination of information, reflecting the principles of freedom of expression and press freedom.

To gain a deeper understanding of the democratic system in the Philippines, Almonte’s article titled “Philippine Democracy in Comparative Perspective” (2014) offers valuable insights. This scholarly work explores the unique features and challenges of the Philippine democracy, comparing it to democratic systems in other countries. It examines aspects such as political participation, governance, and the role of civil society, shedding light on the strengths and areas for improvement within the Philippine democratic framework.

Overall, the Philippines stands as a testament to the resilience of democracy, with its history of peaceful revolutions and a diverse media landscape that fosters democratic values and principles. Almonte’s article further contributes to the understanding of the complexities and dynamics of the democratic system in the Philippines.

Filipinos are renowned for their joyful and hospitable nature. The country’s various festivals, celebrated throughout the year, showcase the vibrant and colorful spirit of the Filipino people. While academic sources focusing solely on this aspect may be limited, cultural books such as Ramos’ “The Food of the Philippines: Authentic Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient” (2017) offer glimpses into Filipino culture, including festivals and hospitality.

These references from academic papers, books, and studies provide a comprehensive understanding of the Philippines’ history, the struggle for independence, the influence of colonization, and the lively cultural traditions of its people.

Geography

Positioned at the intersection of the developed Western world and the Orient, the Philippines occupies a strategic location in Southeast Asia. With a sprawling land area spanning over 1,840 kilometers, the country comprises a remarkable archipelago of 7,107 islands. This geographical diversity grants the Philippines unparalleled accessibility to various global capitals. The nation’s three primary islands are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, each contributing to the rich tapestry of the country’s culture and heritage.

Legazpi City, Bicol, PhilippinesThe western shores of the Philippines are gently lapped by the waters of the South China Sea. To the north, neighboring Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong form important connections, while Japan lies further to the north. Towards the west, the Philippines shares borders with Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. Extending like an outstretched arm, the archipelago reaches towards Borneo, while the Indonesian islands line its southern perimeter. On the eastern and southern fronts, the Pacific Ocean’s expansive waters majestically caress the Philippine headlands, offering breathtaking vistas and an outlook towards the distant lands of Micronesia and Polynesia.

This exceptional geographical positioning has rendered the Philippines a prominent center of commerce, culture, and intellectual exchange throughout its storied history. The country has long served as a crossroads for trade and cultural interactions between the Western world and the East. The exchange of goods, ideas, and knowledge has thrived within the Philippines, making it a vibrant hub in Asia.

From ancient times to the present day, the Philippines has welcomed diverse influences and experiences, shaping a unique national identity that is a fusion of indigenous traditions and external influences. This rich cultural heritage is a testament to the country’s historical role as a meeting point for civilizations.

As a gateway between the East and the West, the Philippines has fostered a dynamic society that embraces global perspectives while cherishing its own distinct heritage. The country’s strategic location continues to be a catalyst for its commercial and cultural vitality, enabling it to play a pivotal role in the region and beyond.

The Philippines’ geographical position has made it an indispensable part of Asia’s economic, social, and intellectual fabric, serving as a gateway to diverse cultures and opportunities. Its story is one of embracing its pivotal position and harnessing the advantages that its location affords, allowing it to thrive as a melting pot of ideas and a crucible of innovation.

Climate

The Philippines experiences distinct weather patterns throughout the year, making certain months more favorable for visitors. The coolest period stretches from November to February, offering pleasant temperatures and comfortable conditions for exploration and travel. This time of the year is generally considered an ideal season to visit the country in terms of weather.

On the other hand, the months of March to May mark the summer season in the Philippines. During this time, the weather becomes hot and dry, with temperatures rising and humidity levels increasing. It is important for travelers to be prepared for the heat and take necessary precautions to stay hydrated and protected from the sun’s rays.

From June to October, the Philippines transitions into the rainy season. This period is characterized by increased rainfall, providing respite from the summer heat but also bringing occasional heavy downpours. It is worth noting that the months between July and September are prone to typhoons, tropical cyclones that can bring strong winds and heavy rains. Travelers visiting during this time should stay informed about weather updates and be flexible with their plans to ensure safety.

The Philippines has an average temperature of 86°F / 30°C and a humidity level of around 77%.

In Luzon, the largest island, there are distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season occurs from June to October, bringing heavy rainfall and occasional typhoons, while the dry season, from November to May, offers warmer temperatures and lower chances of precipitation.

Malay, Western Visayas, Philippines

In the Visayas region, which includes places like Cebu and its neighboring provinces, the climate is generally warm and pleasant throughout the year. It has two main seasons: a dry season from November to April, characterized by sunny weather, and a wet season from May to October, when rainfall increases and occasional typhoons may occur.

Mindanao, located in the southern part of the Philippines, has a relatively stable climate. The dry season runs from November to May, providing dry and sunny conditions for outdoor activities. The wet season, from June to October, brings occasional rain showers and thunderstorms, but they usually don’t disrupt travel plans significantly.

These variations in weather patterns make the Philippines an appealing destination, as there are regions that can be visited year-round, while others have specific seasons to consider. It’s advisable to check local forecasts and updates when planning a trip to ensure a comfortable and enjoyable experience.

Traveling and Tourism

VISA

Tourists planning a visit to the Philippines can enjoy the convenience of visa-free entry if their stay does not exceed 21 days. This favorable policy allows travelers to explore the country’s breathtaking landscapes, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality without the need for a visa. To qualify for visa-free entry, tourists must possess a passport that remains valid for at least six months beyond their intended departure date. Additionally, it is essential to have either a return ticket to the country of origin or a ticket to an onward destination outside the Philippines, demonstrating their intent to leave within the allotted timeframe.

For those who wish to extend their stay beyond the initial 21 days, securing a visa extension is required. There are two avenues to obtain a Visa Extension. The first option involves obtaining it before traveling to the Philippines from a Philippine Consulate or Embassy in their country of residence. This approach allows tourists to have their visa extension pre-approved, ensuring a seamless transition upon arrival.

Alternatively, once in the country, visitors can obtain a Visa Extension from the Bureau of Immigration. This process involves submitting the necessary documents and completing the required procedures to extend their stay legally. It is advisable to begin the visa extension process well in advance to allow ample time for processing and avoid any potential inconveniences.

Whether opting for visa-free entry or obtaining a visa extension, it is important for tourists to comply with the immigration policies of the Philippines. Familiarizing oneself with the specific requirements and procedures ensures a smooth and hassle-free experience during their time in the country.

CUSTOMS

Upon arriving in the Philippines, visitors are granted certain allowances for duty-free personal belongings. They are permitted to bring in items such as clothing, electronics, and personal accessories without incurring customs duties. Additionally, individuals can bring in two cartons of cigarettes or two tins of pipe tobacco, as well as up to one liter of alcohol, for personal consumption. These allowances aim to provide convenience and flexibility to tourists while ensuring compliance with customs regulations.

However, it’s important to note that different rules may apply to “Balikbayans,” a term used to refer to Filipinos residing abroad who are returning to the Philippines for a visit. Balikbayans may have separate regulations regarding the items they can bring into the country, and it is recommended for them to consult the nearest Philippine Embassy or Consulate in their home city for specific guidelines and allowances.

When it comes to departing from the Philippines, there are certain regulations to keep in mind. While there are no restrictions on the amount of foreign currency that can be taken out of the country, it is crucial to comply with customs regulations related to antiques. If you have acquired any antiques during your stay, it is mandatory to possess a certificate from the National Museum, affirming the authenticity and legality of the item. This requirement ensures the preservation of the country’s cultural heritage and prevents the trafficking of illicit artifacts.

Furthermore, there is a limit on the amount of Philippine pesos that can be taken out of the country upon departure. Travelers are advised not to carry more than PhP5,000.00 (five thousand Philippine pesos) with them. It is essential to adhere to this regulation to avoid any complications during the departure process.

By familiarizing themselves with these customs and currency regulations, visitors can ensure a smooth and compliant entry and departure experience when traveling to and from the Philippines..

CURRENCY

The official currency of the Philippines is the Peso (PHP) and its subdivision, the Centavo. One Peso is equivalent to 100 centavos. Coins are available in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 25 centavos, as well as 1 and 5 Pesos. Banknotes come in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 Pesos.

For the convenience of travelers, foreign currency can be exchanged at various locations such as hotels, major department stores, banks, and authorized money changers. It’s important to note that exchanging currency outside of these authorized outlets is illegal, and strict enforcement of the law is in place to deter unauthorized exchanges.

In the Philippines, major establishments including large stores, restaurants, hotels, and resorts generally accept major credit cards such as American Express, Visa, and MasterCard. Traveler’s checks, preferably those issued by American Express, are also accepted at hotels and major department stores. However, it’s worth mentioning that personal checks drawn on foreign banks are generally not accepted as a form of payment.

By being aware of the currency denominations, authorized exchange locations, and accepted payment methods, visitors to the Philippines can ensure a smooth and hassle-free experience when it comes to financial transactions during their stay.

TRAVEL TAX AND AIRPORT FEES

Philippine citizens are required to settle the Philippine Travel Tax before their departure from the country. This tax is typically paid at the airport upon departure, although in some cases, it may already be included in the ticket price at the time of purchase. However, United States nationals and Permanent Residents (Green Card Holders) are exempt from the Philippine Travel Tax. US Permanent Residents must obtain a Travel Tax Exemption Certificate from the Philippine Tourism Authority, located at the Department of Tourism Building on TM Kalaw Street in Ermita, Manila. The Philippine Travel Tax amounts to PHP1,620.00, which is approximately $35.00.

Manila, NCR, PhilippinesIn addition to the Philippine Travel Tax, all passengers leaving from Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) are expected to pay the Airport Terminal Fee. This fee is fixed at PHP750.00, approximately $17.00, per passenger. It’s important to note that no exemptions are granted for the Airport Terminal Fee, and it is applicable to all departing passengers.

It is essential for travelers, particularly Philippine nationals and those departing from NAIA, to be aware of these tax and fee requirements in order to ensure a smooth departure process and avoid any surprises or delays at the airport.

Accessibility

BY AIR

Manila, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, and Laoag are the primary points of entry for international travelers to the Philippines. Among these, the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila holds the distinction of being the foremost gateway. NAIA is served by a diverse range of more than 30 airlines, connecting the Philippines to various cities worldwide.

The Mactan International Airport (MIA) in Cebu plays a significant role in handling regular flights from destinations such as Japan, Singapore, and Australia. Additionally, it serves as a hub for chartered flights originating from Hong Kong, the United States, and other major travel hubs.

The Davao International Airport caters to regular flights from Indonesia and Singapore, providing convenient travel options for visitors from these neighboring countries.

Central Luzon is serviced by two airports. The Diosdado Macapagal International Airport and Subic Airfield accommodate both chartered and cargo planes, facilitating efficient transportation of passengers and goods to and from this region.

Lastly, the Laoag International Airport located in Ilocos Norte serves as a vital gateway, offering regular flights from Taiwan and Macau, enabling seamless travel connections between these destinations and the Philippines.

These international gateways strategically positioned across the Philippines ensure convenient and efficient access for travelers from various parts of the world, contributing to the growth and development of the country’s tourism industry.

Philippine Airlines (PAL), known as “Asia’s First Airline” and the national flag carrier, is the largest airline company in the Philippines. PAL offers the most extensive network of international and domestic flights. It connects Manila to 14 cities in 8 countries and serves 41 domestic destinations outside of Manila.

Philippine Air PALCebu Pacific Air (5J), the leading budget airline in the Philippines, offers the lowest year-round fares and has the most extensive domestic network. It operates the largest number of routes, flights, and carries the highest number of passengers within its domestic network. With its modern fleet of Airbus A320s, Airbus A319s, and ATR 72-100s, Cebu Pacific Air links Manila to 21 domestic destinations and connects the Philippines to 12 international destinations with direct flights. The airline also offers convenient connections between its international and domestic destinations through an extensive connecting flight network. Currently, Cebu Pacific Air operates hubs in Manila, Cebu, Davao, and will soon expand to Clark.

Additional airlines operating in the Philippines include Air Philippines, South East Asian Airlines, Laoag International Airlines, Zest Air (previously known as Asian Spirit Airlines), and Pacific Airways. These airlines cater to popular tourist destinations and offer competitive fares, making travel more accessible for budget-conscious travelers. Moreover, for those seeking a more personalized flying experience, there are options for chartered flights provided by smaller aviation companies like Airspan Corporation (specializing in helicopters), A. Soriano Aviation, and Aerolift Philippines (offering small-to-medium-sized planes). These chartered flights offer convenience and flexibility, allowing passengers to reach their desired destinations with greater ease.

BY SEA

As an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines relies heavily on sea transportation for both domestic and international travel. The vast expanse of water that separates the islands necessitates the availability of various seafaring options to connect different regions and facilitate efficient movement of people and goods.

Travelers in the Philippines have a diverse range of choices when it comes to sea transportation. From massive cargo ships that transport goods and materials between major ports to smaller ferry boats that navigate shorter distances, there are options to suit different travel needs. For those looking to embark on longer journeys, regular ship lines offer services that span several days, providing an opportunity to experience the beauty of the Philippine waters while aboard a comfortable vessel. On the other hand, ferries provide a convenient and relatively quicker means of transportation for shorter trips between nearby islands.

One of the popular ports of call for major cruise liners is Manila, the capital city of the Philippines. These luxurious cruise ships offer a unique and leisurely way to explore the country’s stunning coastal areas and experience its vibrant culture. With various amenities and activities on board, passengers can enjoy a blend of relaxation, entertainment, and sightseeing during their voyage.

Recognizing the need for affordable and convenient sea travel options, WG&A Lines, a partnership between William Lines and the Aboitiz Group, introduced the SuperFerry Program. This initiative aims to provide a superior travel experience compared to other crowded vessels commonly found in the market. The SuperFerry Program offers comfortable and well-equipped ships, ensuring that passengers can enjoy a pleasant journey while exploring the Philippines’ beautiful islands.

The availability of reliable and diverse sea transportation options in the Philippines not only facilitates efficient travel but also presents an opportunity for visitors and locals alike to appreciate the country’s stunning coastal landscapes and experience the unique charm of each island.

Accommodation

The Philippines provides an extensive range of accommodations across Metro Manila, as well as in key cities and towns throughout the country, catering to diverse preferences and budgets. Travelers can choose from a wide selection of lodging options, including deluxe hotels, standard accommodations, budget-friendly establishments, and pension-type facilities.

In addition to urban areas, the country’s island destinations offer a multitude of resorts that cater to different preferences and interests. These resorts span a range of categories, from deluxe establishments providing luxurious amenities and services to special interest resorts that cater to specific activities or themes. Whether one seeks a tranquil beachfront escape, an adventurous eco-resort nestled in the mountains, or a luxurious retreat surrounded by natural beauty, the Philippines offers a wealth of choices to suit every traveler’s desires.

In Metro Manila, visitors can find a plethora of accommodation options that cater to different needs and preferences. From high-end hotels in bustling business districts to cozy boutique hotels in vibrant neighborhoods, the city provides a diverse array of choices to suit varying tastes. Similarly, in key cities and towns across the country, travelers can find a range of accommodations that offer comfortable and convenient stays, ensuring a pleasant experience during their exploration of different regions.

Basco PhilippinesIn the picturesque island destinations of the Philippines, resorts abound, offering a slice of paradise for visitors. These resorts often boast stunning beachfront locations, lush tropical gardens, and world-class amenities such as swimming pools, spas, and gourmet dining options. Some resorts also specialize in unique experiences, such as diving resorts that provide access to vibrant coral reefs, wellness retreats that focus on relaxation and rejuvenation, or eco-resorts that promote sustainable practices and provide opportunities for nature exploration.

With its diverse and abundant accommodation offerings, the Philippines ensures that travelers have a wide range of choices to suit their preferences and budget, enhancing their overall experience in this tropical paradise.

Arts and Culture

The Philippines is home to several significant government cultural agencies that play vital roles in preserving and promoting the nation’s rich cultural heritage. These agencies include the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), the National Historical Institute (NHI), the National Museum, the National Library, the Records Management and Archives Office (RMAO), and the Commission on the Filipino Language. Collectively, they contribute to the preservation, research, dissemination, and promotion of various aspects of Filipino culture.

The Cultural Center of the Philippines serves as a premier institution for showcasing and nurturing artistic excellence in various art forms, such as music, dance, theater, and visual arts. Through its diverse programs and initiatives, the CCP fosters cultural development and encourages artistic expression, making it a hub for creativity and artistic innovation.

The National Historical Institute focuses on preserving and promoting the country’s historical heritage. It conducts research, documents historical events, and manages significant historical sites and landmarks. The institute plays a crucial role in commemorating important milestones in Philippine history, ensuring that the nation’s past is celebrated and understood by present and future generations.

The National Museum serves as the primary institution for the preservation and exhibition of the country’s cultural and artistic treasures. It houses a vast collection of artifacts, artworks, and historical artifacts that provide insights into the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the Philippines. Through its exhibitions, educational programs, and research initiatives, the National Museum aims to promote a deeper understanding and appreciation of Philippine culture and history.

The National Library serves as the repository of the country’s published works, including books, periodicals, manuscripts, and other valuable documents. It plays a critical role in preserving and promoting the nation’s intellectual and literary heritage. With its vast collection and comprehensive services, the National Library serves as a vital resource for researchers, scholars, and the general public.

The Records Management and Archives Office is responsible for the proper management, preservation, and access to government records and archives. It ensures that important records and documents are preserved for future generations and provides public access to relevant information that contributes to the understanding of the country’s history and governance.

Lastly, the Commission on the Filipino Language focuses on the development, enrichment, and preservation of the Filipino language. It promotes the use of Filipino as a medium of communication, fosters linguistic research, and safeguards the integrity and purity of the Filipino language.

The heads of these cultural agencies serve as ex-officio members of the National Commission on Culture and Arts (NCCA) Board, which serves as the primary policy-making and coordinating body for cultural development in the Philippines. The NCCA plays a crucial role in formulating cultural policies, supporting cultural projects and initiatives, and fostering collaboration among various sectors to preserve and promote the country’s diverse cultural heritage.

Through the collective efforts of these government cultural agencies, the Philippines endeavors to preserve, celebrate, and promote its cultural heritage, ensuring its continuity and relevance in the present and future.

Go Back To Top